Friedrich Ernst
Ballhorn-Rosen
* 12.04.1774 Hannover
+ 15.10.1855 Detmold 		Sophie Wilhelmine
Rudorff
* 10.05.1787 Blumenthal, Bremen
+ 13.12.1859 Detmold
[WEITER BEI GENI]

Georg Friedrich Wilhelm
Rosen

Diplomat, Orientalist, Linguist, Schriftsteller

* 24.09.1820 Detmold
+ 29.10.1891 Detmold


Kinder mit: Serena Anna Moscheles (* 1830 + 1902) [WEITER BEI GENI] :

Friedrich ("Fritz") Felix Balduin
Rosen
* 30.08.1856 Leipzig
+ 26.11.1935 Peking, China 		Hareth Hermann Gisbert
Rosen
* 11.07.1860 Leipzig
+ 31.01.1902 Ahrweiler 		Charlotte
Rosen
* ca. 1865
+ ?
Felix
Rosen
* 1863
+ ? 		Hélène Sophie Emilie Jelka
Rosen
* 30.12.1868 Belgrad
+ 28.05.1935 London
Künstlerin
oo Frederick Albert-Theodor Delius (* 29.01.1862 Bradford + 10.06.1934 Grez-sur-Loing, Ile-de-France), Komponist 		?

Quellen:
- Seine Seite bei Geni: "Georg* Friedrich Wilhelm Rosen Geburtsdatum: September 24, 1820 Geburtsort: Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Tod Oktober 29, 1891 (71) Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Angehörige: Sohn von Dr. Friedrich Ernst Ballhorn-Rosen und Sophie Wilhelmin Ballhorn-Rosen Ehemann von Serena Anna Rosen Vater von Friedrich* Felix Balduin Rosen; Hareth Hermann Gisbert Rosen; Charlotte Rosen; Felix Rosen und Hélène Sophie Emilie Jelka Delius Bruder von Sophie Klingemann; Auguste Friederike Emilie Rosen; Ernst Bodo Rosen und Elise Justine Rosen Halbbruder von Prof. Friedrich August Rosen; Emiliy (Emmy) Ballhorn-Rosen; Dr. Gisbert August Rosen; Bodo Rosen; Dr. Bodo Karl Erich Rosen und 1 other Beruf: Diplomat, Orientalist, Linguist, Schriftsteller Verwalted von: Thomas Föhl (c) on tour Zuletzt aktualisiert: 15. August 2018 About Georg* Friedrich Rosen Georg Friedrich Wilhelm (24 September 1820[1] in Detmold, Principality of Lippe – 29 October 1891 in Detmold) was a German (Lippe/Prussian) orientalist and diplomat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Rosen_(1821%E2%80%931891) cf.: http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz108097.html "
- Geni ZUR TOCHTER: "Hélène Sophie Emilie Jelka Delius (Rosen) Geburtsdatum: Dezember 30, 1868 Geburtsort: Belgrade, Central Serbia, Serbia Tod Mai 28, 1935 (66) London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom Bestattungsort: Limpsfield, Surrey, England, United Kingdom Angehörige: Tochter von Georg* Friedrich Rosen und Serena Anna Rosen Ehefrau von Frederick Albert-Theodor Delius Schwester von Friedrich* Felix Balduin Rosen; Hareth Hermann Gisbert Rosen; Charlotte Rosen und Felix Rosen Verwalted von: Private User Zuletzt aktualisiert: 28. Juli 2018 ... About Hélène Sophie Emilie Jelka Delius From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelka_Rosen The granddaughter of the composer and pianist Ignaz Moscheles, Jelka Rosen was born in Belgrade and studied and practised art in Paris, exhibiting in the Salon des Indépendants. She met Delius in 1896 through a shared interest in Nietzsche. In 1897 he moved into her Grez-sur-Loing house, owned by her and her mother, and they married in 1903. She was heiress to a modest fortune from her distinguished Schleswig-Holstein family [1] and her wealth gave Delius financial security. She remained devoted to Delius despite his affairs with other women. In the last twelve years of Delius's life, after he became blind and paralysed with third-stage syphilis, she gave up her work to be his carer. Towards the end, she herself became ill with bowel cancer, sending for Eric Fenby to manage the household during her convalescence from an operation, although she returned from a nursing home to be at Delius's side when he died. Delius had wished to buried in England, but as she was too ill to travel, he was temporarily buried at Grez. A year later, having failed to recover fully, she contracted pneumonia during a Channel crossing to attend his reinterment in the churchyard of the Church of Saint Peter, Limpsfield, Surrey. Hospitalised in Dover, she was taken by ambulance to Kensington, London, where she died. She was subsequently buried with Delius: they share the same grave. Her estate funded a trust, managed by Sir Thomas Beecham, to promote the works of Delius. She was portrayed by the British actress Maureen Pryor in the 1968 Ken Russell film Song of Summer. "
- Geni ZUM SCHWIEGERSOHN: "Frederick Albert-Theodor Delius Geburtsdatum: Januar 29, 1862 Geburtsort: Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK Tod Juni 10, 1934 (72) Grez-sur-Loing, Ile-de-France, France Angehörige: Sohn von Julius Friedrich-Wilhelm Delius und Elise Pauline Krönig Ehemann von Hélène Sophie Emilie Jelka Delius Verwalted von: Private User Zuletzt aktualisiert: 23. Mai 2018 ... About Frederick Albert-Theodor Delius From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Delius Frederick Delius was born in Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire in the north of England. His parents were German: Julius and Elise Pauline Delius had moved from Bielefeld, Germany to Britain to set themselves up in the wool business. Frederick ('Fritz' to his family, 'Fred' to his friends) Delius was the fourth of their fourteen children. He was educated at Bradford Grammar School (where the singer John Coates was his contemporary). Delius felt little attraction to the country of his birth and spent most of his life abroad, in the United States and on the continent of Europe, chiefly in France. Nonetheless his music has been described by Felix Aprahamian as 'extremely redolent of the soil of this country [Britain] and characteristic of the finer elements of the national spirit'.[1] Although Frederick showed early musical promise, his father was very much set against a musical career and wanted him to work in the family business. In America Julius Delius eventually sent Frederick (apparently at Frederick's request) to be the manager of a grapefruit plantation at Solano Grove on the St Johns River in Florida, USA. There, west of St Augustine and south of Jacksonville, Delius continued to be engrossed in music and in Jacksonville met Thomas Ward, who became his teacher in counterpoint and composition. While in Florida, Delius had his first composition published, and later put his memories into the Florida Suite, written at Leipzig in 1887. The house he lived in from 1884 to 1885 in Solano Grove was given to Jacksonville University and moved on campus in 1961. The University holds the Delius Festival each year in honour of the composer. After he left Florida, Delius taught music in Danville, Virginia and eventually moved to New York. Europe After his stay in New York, his father finally agreed to allow him a musical education, and consented to send him to Leipzig, Germany, to study at the conservatory. He was befriended there by Edvard Grieg, who encouraged him and became a lifelong friend. In 1897 Delius met the German painter Jelka Rosen. They soon set up home in the French village of Grez-sur-Loing, near Fontainebleau, and married in 1903. Apart from a short period when the area was threatened by the advancing German army during the First World War, he lived in Grez for the rest of his life. In 1907 he met Thomas Beecham, who was to be the greatest champion of his music during his lifetime in the English-speaking world. Until then Delius's audience was German, principally due to the conductors Fritz Cassirer and Hans Haym. Delius's latter years were spent chiefly at the home he and Jelka set up in Grez. These years were marred by increasing ill-health. As a young man he had caught syphilis, the long term effects of which were to rob him of his sight and to cause him to become increasingly paralysed, eventually needing use of a wheelchair. He therefore employed Eric Fenby, who originally wrote Delius a fan letter, as his amanuensis and the great works of Delius's final years were dictated to Fenby, who later wrote a book about the experience of working with Delius.[2] Fenby also co-wrote the screen adaptation from the book for a 1968 film, Song of Summer, directed by Ken Russell, starring Max Adrian as the blind composer and Christopher Gable as Fenby. Delius was profoundly engaged in the contemplation of nature and disliked religion, though Koanga displays an interest in voodooism. He admired the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, and his choice of Nietzsche texts for A Mass of Life, the determinism evident in Irmelin and the Village Romeo and Juliet, and the living metempsychosis of the boy and the seagull in Sea Drift have prompted some to see in his work a form of pantheism. Death and burial Delius died at Grez in 1934 and was buried in a nearby cemetery on the Marlotte road that leads out of Grez. The interment ceremony was unusual: there was no priest present, and there were no prayers or music. In 1935, in completion of his own declared wish to be buried in 'a quiet country chuchyard in a south of England village', his remains were exhumed and taken from France to the United Kingdom. Jelka contracted pneumonia during the Channel crossing, and could not attend the funeral. On 24 May an Anglican interment took place at the Church of Saint Peter in Limpsfield, Surrey. Vast crowds converged, and a section of the London Philharmonic Orchestra, together with the cellist Beatrice Harrison (of Oxted, nearby), who had given early performances of his works, performed after the funeral ceremony, and Sir Thomas Beecham gave the address. After Jelka died, four days later, she was interred in the same grave as her husband. Beecham's grave is situated approximately ten metres from theirs. Music Delius's musical style is unusual in Western music. Characterized by a curious mixture of pentatonic figures and chromaticism, although still largely tonal, it reflects a move from the textbook post-romanticism of the years following the death of Richard Wagner (1883) to a style that was unique to Delius, blending Impressionism with the slightly older post-romanticism and northern European and African-American folk idioms. His use of luscious harmonies — mainly slow moving, and constantly evolving melody, with the frequent use of leitmotifs — is what prompted Sir Thomas Beecham to describe him as "the last great apostle of romantic beauty in music." His harmony and melody were influenced greatly by African-American music of the time, using blues harmony and melodic characteristics that would become distinctly jazz and blues 20 years later. Not everyone likes his work: Bernard Levin famously called it "the musical equivalent of blancmange" and it is an acquired taste - and not everyone acquires it. His best-known works include the brief orchestral piece On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring; Brigg Fair ('An English Rhapsody'); In A Summer Garden; North Country Sketches; A Mass of Life to Friedrich Nietzsche's Also sprach Zarathustra; Florida Suite; Sea Drift, a setting of text by Walt Whitman, for baritone, chorus and orchestra; A Late Lark, setting of text by William Ernest Henley; Songs of Farewell, another setting of Whitman texts, for chorus and orchestra; Cynara and Songs of Sunset, both settings of texts by Ernest Dowson; Koanga, which as an opera with a black principal character antedates George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess by four decades and is roughly contemporaneous with Scott Joplin's Treemonisha; an atheist Requiem; four concertos: a violin concerto, a cello concerto, a double concerto for violin and cello, and a piano concerto (also somewhat Gershwinesque); the colourful, picturesque tone poem Paris: Song of a Great City; and the beautifully exuberant symphonic composition Life's Dance. Orchestral excerpts from his operas, for example La Calinda from Koanga — which originated in the Florida Suite — and The Walk to the Paradise Garden from A Village Romeo and Juliet, are also played and recorded reasonably often. There are a number of chamber works (three mature violin sonatas, a cello sonata and a string quartet). Recording projects The difficulties that Delius experienced in obtaining adequate public performance of his works caused him (and those who admired his music) to recognise the necessity of making available good quality gramophone records, by which it should become more widely known. As in live performance, Thomas Beecham was the pioneer of this movement, although Geoffrey Toye (with the London Symphony Orchestra) conducted a notable group of orchestral recordings for HMV around 1930 including Brigg Fair, In a Summer Garden (A Song before Sunrise conducted by John Barbirolli on the fourth side), On Hearing the First Cuckoo, and Summer Night on the River, which were admired by the composer, among others.[3] There are no very early recordings of the concerti, but by 1936[4] the Violin Sonata No. 1 was recorded by May Harrison with Arnold Bax (HMV), and No. 2 by Albert Sammons with Evlyn Howard-Jones (Columbia); the second is also in the viola arrangement by Lionel Tertis with George Reeves, in a set that also contains the "Entr'acte" and "Serenade" from the incidental music to James Elroy Flecker's Hassan.[5] Beatrice Harrison had recorded the Elegie and Caprice with a small orchestra under Fenby's direction. Howard-Jones also recorded several short keyboard works. The scarce 1929 Decca recording of Sea Drift. The first Sea Drift to be issued (though soon deleted) was Decca's in 1929 with Roy Henderson, conducted by Anthony Bernard (though the conductor is not named on the label).[6] Decca was founded in 1929, and this was one of its earliest releases, a succès d'estime for the company's founder, Sir Edward Lewis. Thomas Beecham had made the first recording of the work a year earlier, with baritone Dennis Noble, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Manchester Beecham Opera Chorus (Columbia), but poor acoustics caused it to remain unpublished. Beecham began his Delius recordings with the old Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, for Columbia, with the Walk to the Paradise Garden and the First Cuckoo, in December 1927, and Summer Night on the River (July 1928), but had two failed attempts at Brigg Fair in July and November 1928 before fully achieving his intentions in a December session. In 1929 he accompanied at the piano a series of Delius song recordings with Dora Labbette, only some of which were issued. Delius Society recordings In April 1934 Beecham recorded Paris: The Song of a Great City (with the London Philharmonic Orchestra), and as Fenby sat with the dying Delius they waited in vain for the test pressings to be released by the French Customs. Delius told Fenby he wanted Beecham to record all his best music.[7] Soon after Delius's death, Beecham persuaded Jelka (who knew that she was in failing health) that a Delius Trust should be created to make possible a model edition of his works and to provide for them to be recorded. For the latter purpose a Delius Society was formed, initially as a private organization, and at the request of Beecham and the Society Committee it was taken over in 1934 by Columbia Records,[8] for the issue of records outside the normal monthly listings, which could be obtained by members of the public who paid a subscription to the Society. Three volumes were issued before the war, all conducted by Beecham.[9] Volume 1 (recorded 1934, issued 1934/5): Paris; Koanga, closing scene; Eventyr; Hassan, Interlude and Serenade; songs 'To the Queen of my Heart' and 'Love's Philosophy' (with Heddle Nash). Volume 2 (recorded 1936): Sea Drift (with John Brownlee); Over the Hills and Far Away; In a Summer Garden; Intermezzo from Fennimore and Gerda. Volume 3 (recorded 1938): Appalachia; Hassan, La Calinda, and closing scene (with Jan van der Gucht); the prelude from Irmelin. Several other titles recorded in 1938 remained unpublished. After the war Beecham resumed the project, but now under the HMV label.[10] Four titles, including the Piano Concerto with Betty Humby Beecham, made in October 1945 remained unpublished, but a year later the concerto was successfully re-recorded, a fine version of the Violin Concerto with Jean Pougnet was made, and also First Cuckoo, Song of the High Hills, Brigg Fair, Marche Caprice and the Irmelin prelude. The Songs of Sunset with Nancy Evans and Redvers Llewellyn were recorded but not issued. However, May and July 1948 saw a complete A Village Romeo and Juliet (12 discs). After a failed Sea Drift with Gordon Clinton in January 1951, there was a successful one with Bruce Boyce in April 1954. In January and April 1953, the celebrated recording of A Mass of Life (with Rosina Raisbeck, Monica Sinclair, Charles Craig and Bruce Boyce) was made.[11] A substantial recording of incidental music for Flecker's Hassan was made by Beecham for CBS Columbia in October 1955, and other Delius Trust recordings continued to appear on that label. He cut many other records of shorter works between 1946 and 2 April 1957; meanwhile Sir Anthony Collins was recording some of these for Decca.[12] A powerful account of the violin concerto by Robert Gerle (conducted by Robert Zeller) was recorded by Westminster and issued by World Record Club (CM 59) about 1960; the work was again chosen, together with the Double Concerto, conducted by Meredith Davies and performed by Yehudi Menuhin with Paul Tortelier, for an EMI Quadrophonic release in 1977 (ASD 3343), produced in consultation with Eric Fenby. At about the same time the World Record Club (having become a branch of EMI) reissued the early Beecham Delius recordings in two box set volumes on its 'Retrospect' label, also under Fenby's supervision. List of works Operas Irmelin (1890-92; premiere 1953) The Magic Fountain (1893-95; concert premiere 1977, stage premiere 1997) Koanga (after George Washington Cable's The Grandissimes; 1895-97; UA 1904) A Village Romeo and Juliet (after Gottfried Keller's Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe; 1900-01; premiere in Berlin 1907, London 1910 ) Margot la rouge (1902) Fennimore and Gerda (1909-10; premiere 1919) Incidental music Zanoni (1888) Folkeraadet (1897) Hassan (1920-23) Concertos Suite for Violin and Orchestra (1888) Légende for Violin and Orchestra (1895) Piano Concerto in C minor (1897) Double Concerto for Violin, Cello and Orchestra (1915-16) Violin Concerto (1916) Cello Concerto (1921) Caprice and Elegy for Cello and Orchestra (1930) Orchestral works Florida Suite (1887) Three Pieces (Schlittenfahrt and March caprice, 1887–88) Hiawatha — tone poem (1888) Idylle de Printemps (1889) Little Suite (1889-90) Three Small Tonepoems (Summer Evening, Winter Night, Spring Morning, 1890) Paa Vidderne (Sur les cimes) — Symphonic Poem after Ibsen (1890–92; version with speaker 1888)) Over the Hills and Far Away — Fantasy Overture (1895–97) Appalachia for Orchestra and Chorus (1896) La Ronde Se Déroule — Symphonic Poem (1899) Paris: The Song of a Great City (1899) Brigg Fair: An English Rhapsody (1907) In a Summer Garden — Rhapsody (1908) Dance Rhapsody no. 1 (1908) Life's Dance (1908?) Two Pieces for Small Orchestra (On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring, 1912; Summer Night on the River, 1911) North Country Sketches (1913–14) Air and Dance for Strings (1915) Dance Rhapsody no. 2 (1916) Eventyr (Once Upon a Time) (1917) A Song Before Sunrise for Small Orchestra (1918) A Song of Summer (1929–30) Irmelin Prelude (1931) Fantastic Dance (1931) Vocal works Six German Partsongs for Choir (1887) Sakuntala for Tenor and Orchestra (1889) Maud for Tenor and Orchestra (1891) Mitternachtslied for Baritone, Male Choir und Orchestra (1898) Appalachia for Choir und Orchestra (1898-1903) Sea Drift for Baritone, Choir and Orchestra (1903–04) A Mass of Life for Soloists, Choir and Orchestra (1904–05) Songs of Sunset for Mezzo-soprano, Baritone, Choir and Orchestra (1906–07) Cynara for Baritone und Orchestra (1907; completed 1929) On Craig Dhu for Choir and Piano (1907) Midsummer Song for Choir and Piano (1908) Wanderer's Song for Male Choir and Piano (1908) An Arabesk for Baritone, Choir and Orchestra (1911) A Song of the High Hills for Choir and Orchestra (1911) Two Songs for a Children's Album (1913) Requiem for Soprano, Baritone, Choir and Orchestra (1914–16) Two Songs to be sung of a Summer Night on the Water for Choir (1917) The splendour falls on castle walls for Choir (1923) A Late Lark for Voice and Orchestra (1925) Songs of Farewell for Choir and Orchestra (1930) Idyll: Once I passed through a populous city for Soprano, Baritone and Orchestra (1930–32) Chamber music String Quartet (1888) Romance for Violin and Piano (1889) Violin Sonata B-major (1892) String Quartet (1893) Romance for Cello and Piano (1896) Violin Sonata No. 1 (1905-14) String Quartet (1916) Cello Sonata (1916) Violin Sonata No. 2 (1923) Violin Sonata No. 3 (1930) Piano and harpsichord music Pensées Mélodieuses (no. 2, 1885) Two Pieces for Piano (1889–90) Dance for Cembalo (1919) Five Pieces for Piano (1922–23) Three Preludes for Piano (1923) Zum Carnival Badinage Presto leggiero Songs Five Songs from the Norwegian (1888) Seven Songs from the Norwegian (1889–90; 2 orchestral songs) Three English Songs (1891) Two Songs after Verlaine (1895; with orchestra) Seven Danish Songs (1897; with orchestra) Four Songs after Nietzsche (1898) Im Glück wir lachend gingen (1898) The Violet (1900; with orchestra) Autumn (1900) Black Roses (1901) Summer Landscape (1902; with orchestra) The nightingale has a lyre of gold (1910) La lune blanche (1911; with orchestra) Chanson d'automne (1911) I-Brasil (1913) Four Old English Lyrics (1915–16) Avant que tu ne t'en ailles (1919) 18 unpublished songs Literature (in chronological order) Philip Heseltine (Peter Warlock), Frederick Delius (Bodley Head, London 1923). Eric Fenby, Delius as I knew him (orig. G. Bell & Sons Ltd, London 1936). (repr. Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-28768-5 Arthur Hutchings, Delius (Macmillan, London 1949) Thomas Beecham, Frederick Delius (orig. Hutchinson 1959; revised edn. Severn House Publishers 1975). ISBN 0-7278-0099-X Gloria Jahoda, "The Music Maker of Solano Grove", Ch.13 in Florida Classics Library, The Other Florida (Charles Scribner's Sons, Port Salerno 1967). Library of Congress cat. no. 67-21339 Gloria Jahoda, The Road to Samarkand: Frederick Delius and His Music, (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1969), Library of Congress cat. no. 69-17063. Eric Fenby, The Great Composers: Delius (T.Y. Crowell Co., 1972). Christopher Redwood, A Delius Companion: A 70th birthday tribute to Eric Fenby (John Calder 1976, 1980). ISBN 0-7145-3826-4 Lionel Carley (ed.), Delius: A Life in Letters (2 vols, Scolar Press, 1983, 1988). ISBN 1-85928-178-8 Anthony Payne, 'Frederick Delius', in The New Grove Twentieth-Century English Masters (New York: W. W. Norton, 1986) pp. 69–96. (Reprint of article from The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie (London and Washington, D.C.: Macmillan, 1980).) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Delius Frederick Theodore Albert Delius, CH (29 January 1862 – 10 June 1934) was an English composer. Born in the north of England to a prosperous mercantile family of German extraction, he resisted attempts to recruit him to commerce. He was sent to Florida in the United States in 1884 to manage an orange plantation, where he neglected his managerial duties; influenced by African-American music, he began composing. After a brief period of formal musical study in Germany beginning in 1886, he embarked on a full-time career as a composer in Paris and then in nearby Grez-sur-Loing, where he and his wife Jelka lived (except during the First World War) for the rest of their lives. Delius's first successes came in Germany, where Hans Haym and other conductors promoted his music from the late 1890s. In Delius's native Britain, it was 1907 before his music made regular appearances in concert programmes, after Thomas Beecham took it up. Beecham staged Delius's opera A Village Romeo and Juliet at Covent Garden in 1910 and mounted a six-day Delius festival in London in 1929, as well as making gramophone recordings of many of Delius's works. After 1918 Delius began to suffer the effects of syphilis, contracted during his earlier years in Paris. He became paralysed and blind, but completed some late compositions between 1928 and 1932 with the aid of an amanuensis, Eric Fenby. The lyricism in Delius's early compositions reflected both the music he had heard in America and the influences of European composers such as Edvard Grieg and Richard Wagner. As his skills matured, he developed a style uniquely his own, characterised by his individual orchestration and his uses of chromatic harmony. Delius's music has been only intermittently popular, and often subject to critical attacks. The Delius Society, formed in 1962 by his more dedicated followers, continues to promote knowledge of the composer's life and works, and sponsors the annual Delius Prize competition for young musicians. Contents [show] [edit]Life [edit]Early years The Victorian Town Hall in Bradford, Yorkshire, the city where Delius was born and grew up Delius was born in Bradford in Yorkshire. He was baptised as "Fritz Theodore Albert Delius",[1] and used the forename Fritz until he was about 40.[2] He was the second of four sons (there were also ten daughters) born to Julius Delius (1822–1901) and his wife Elise Pauline, née Krönig (1838–1929).[3] Delius's parents were born in Bielefeld, Westphalia,[n 1] of Dutch origin;[n 2] the family had for some generations been settled in German lands near the Rhine. Julius's father, Ernst Friedrich Delius, had served under Blücher in the Napoleonic wars.[5] Julius moved to England to further his career as a wool merchant, and became a naturalised British subject in 1850. He married Elise in 1856.[2] The Delius household was musical; famous musicians such as Joseph Joachim and Carlo Alfredo Piatti were guests, and played for the family.[2] Despite his German parentage, the young Fritz was drawn to the music of Chopin and Grieg rather than the Austro-German music of Mozart and Beethoven, a preference that endured all his life.[3] The young Delius was first taught the violin by a Mr. Bauerkeller of the Hallé Orchestra, and had more advanced studies under Mr. Haddock of Leeds. Although he achieved enough skill as a violinist to set up as a violin teacher in later years, his chief musical joy was to improvise at the piano, and it was a piano piece, a waltz by Chopin, that gave him his first ecstatic encounter with music.[5][n 3] From 1874 to 1878, Delius was educated at Bradford Grammar School, where the singer John Coates was his slightly older contemporary.[6] He then attended the International College at Isleworth between 1878 and 1880. As a pupil he was neither especially quick nor diligent,[5] but the college was conveniently close to London for Delius to attend concerts and opera.[7] Julius Delius assumed that his son would play a part in the family wool business, and for the next three years he tried hard to persuade him to do so. Delius's first job was as the firm's representative in Stroud in Gloucestershire, where he did moderately well. After being sent in a similar capacity to Chemnitz, he neglected his duties in favour of trips to the major musical centres of Germany, and musical studies with Hans Sitt.[7] His father sent him to Sweden, where he again put his artistic interests ahead of commerce, coming under the influence of the Norwegian dramatists Henrik Ibsen and Gunnar Heiberg. Ibsen's denunciations of social conventions further alienated Delius from his commercial background.[2] Delius was then sent to represent the firm in France, but he frequently absented himself from business for excursions to the French Riviera.[7] After this, Julius Delius recognised that there was no prospect that his son would succeed in the family business, but he remained opposed to music as a profession, and instead sent him to America to manage an orange plantation.[7] [edit]Florida The St. Johns River in Florida, near Solano Grove, where Delius was inspired by the plantation music to write several of his early works. Whether the move to America was Julius's idea or his son's is not known.[n 4] A leading Florida property firm had branches in several English cities including Bradford; in an article on Delius's time in Florida, William Randel conjectures that either Julius Delius visited the Bradford office and conceived the notion of sending his wayward son to grow oranges in Florida, or that Fritz himself saw it as a way to escape the hated family wool business and suggested the idea to his father.[9] Delius was in Florida from the spring of 1884 to the autumn of 1885, living on a plantation at Solano Grove on the St. Johns River, near Jacksonville. He continued to be engrossed in music, and in Jacksonville he met Thomas Ward, who became his teacher in counterpoint and composition. Delius later said that Ward's teaching was the only useful music instruction he ever had.[10] Delius later liked to represent his house at Solano Grove as "a shanty", but it was a substantial cottage of four rooms, with plenty of space for Delius to entertain guests.[n 5] Ward sometimes stayed there, as did an old Bradford friend, Charles Douglas, and Delius's brother Ernest. Protected from excessive summer heat by river breezes and a canopy of oak trees, the house was an agreeable place to live in. Delius paid little attention to the business of growing oranges, and continued to pursue his musical interests. Jacksonville had a rich, though to a European, unorthodox musical life. Randel notes that in local hotels, the African-American waiters doubled as singers, with daily vocal concerts for patrons and passers-by, giving Delius his introduction to spirituals. Additionally, ship owners encouraged their deckhands to sing as they worked. "Delius never forgot the singing as he heard it, day or night, carried sweet and clear across the water to his verandah at Solano Grove, whenever a steam-ship passed; it is hard to imagine conditions less conducive to cultivating oranges—or more conducive to composing."[9] While in Florida, Delius had his first composition published, a polka for piano called Zum Carnival.[9] In late 1885 he left a caretaker in charge of Solano Grove and moved to Danville, Virginia. Thereafter he pursued a wholly musical career. An advertisement in the local paper announced, "Fritz Delius will begin at once giving instruction in Piano, Violin, Theory and Composition. He will give lessons at the residences of his pupils. Terms reasonable."[9] Delius also offered lessons in French and German. Danville had a thriving musical life, and early works of his were publicly performed there.[9] [edit]Leipzig and Paris Edvard Grieg, who was a strong influence on Delius's earlier music In 1886 Julius Delius agreed to allow his son to pursue a musical career, and paid for him to study music formally. Delius left Danville and returned to Europe via New York, where he paused briefly to give a few lessons.[2] Back in Europe he enrolled at the conservatoire in Leipzig, Germany. Leipzig was a major musical centre, where Nikisch and Mahler were conductors at the Opera House, and Brahms and Tchaikovsky conducted their works at the Gewandhaus.[5] At the conservatoire, Delius made little progress in his piano studies under Carl Reinecke, but Salomon Jadassohn praised his hard work and grasp of counterpoint; Delius also resumed studies under Hans Sitt.[2] Delius's early biographer, the composer Patrick Hadley, observed that no trace of his academic tuition can be found in Delius's mature music "except in certain of the weaker passages".[3] Much more important to Delius's development was meeting the composer Edvard Grieg in Leipzig. Grieg, like Ward before him, recognised Delius's potential. In the spring of 1888, Sitt conducted Delius's Florida Suite for an audience of three: Grieg, Christian Sinding and the composer.[n 6] Grieg and Sinding were enthusiastic and became warm supporters of Delius. At a dinner party in London in April 1888, Grieg finally convinced Julius Delius that his son's future lay in music.[3] After leaving Leipzig in 1888, Delius moved to Paris where his uncle, Theodore, took him under his wing and looked after him socially and financially.[2] Over the next eight years, Delius befriended many writers and artists, including August Strindberg, Edvard Munch and Paul Gauguin. He mixed very little with French musicians,[2] although Florent Schmitt arranged the piano scores of Delius's first two operas, Irmelin and The Magic Fountain (Ravel later did the same for his verismo opera Margot la rouge).[5] As a result, his music never became known in France.[n 7] Delius's biographer Diana McVeagh says of these years that Delius "was found to be attractive, warm-hearted, spontaneous, and amorous." It is generally believed that during this period he contracted the syphilis that caused the collapse of his health in later years.[2][14] Delius's Paris years were musically productive. His symphonic poem Paa Vidderne was performed in Christiania in 1891 and in Monte Carlo in 1894; Gunnar Heiberg commissioned Delius to provide incidental music for his play Folkeraadet in 1897; and Delius's second opera, The Magic Fountain, was accepted for staging at Prague, but the project fell through for unknown reasons.[15] Other works of the period were the fantasy overture Over the Hills and Far Away (1895–97) and orchestral variations, Appalachia (1896, rewritten in 1904 for voices and orchestra).[7] [edit]First successes Delius in 1897 by Christian Krohg In 1897, Delius met the artist Helena Sophie Emilie Rosen, known as Jelka (1868–1935), who later became his wife. She was a professional painter, a friend of Auguste Rodin, and a regular exhibitor at the Salon des Indépendants.[2] Jelka quickly declared her admiration for the young composer's music,[16] and the couple were drawn closer together by a shared passion for the works of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.[2] Jelka bought a house in Grez-sur-Loing, a village 40 miles (64 km) outside Paris on the edge of Fontainebleau.[2] Delius visited her there, and after a brief return visit to Florida, he moved in with her. In 1903 they married, and, apart from a short period when the area was threatened by the advancing German army during the First World War, Delius lived in Grez for the rest of his life.[2] The marriage was not conventional: Jelka was, at first, the principal earner; there were no children; and Delius was not a faithful husband. Jelka was often distressed by his affairs, but her devotion did not waver.[2] In the same year, Delius began a fruitful association with German supporters of his music, the conductors Hans Haym, Fritz Cassirer and Alfred Hertz at Elberfeld, and Julius Buths at Düsseldorf.[3] Haym conducted Over the Hills and Far Away, which he gave under its German title Über die Berge in die Ferne on 13 November 1897, believed to be the first time Delius's music was heard in Germany.[17] In 1899 Hertz gave a Delius concert in St. James's Hall in London, which included Over the Hills and Far Away, a choral piece, Mitternachtslied, and excerpts from the opera Koanga. This occasion was an unusual opportunity for an unknown composer at a time when any sort of orchestral concert was a rare event in London.[18] In spite of encouraging reviews, Delius's orchestral music was not heard again in an English concert hall until 1907.[17] The orchestral work, Paris, subtitled "Song of a Great City" was composed in 1899 and dedicated to Haym. He gave the premiere at Elberfeld on 14 December 1901. It provoked some critical comment from the local newspaper, which complained that the composer put his listeners on a bus and shuttled them from one Parisian night-spot to another, "but he does not let us hear the tuneful gypsy melodies in the boulevard cafés, always just cymbals and tambourine and mostly from two cabarets at the same time at that".[17] The work was given under Busoni in Berlin less than a year later.[17] Most of Delius's premieres of this period were given by Haym and his fellow German conductors. In 1904 Cassirer premiered Koanga, and in the same year the Piano Concerto was given in Elberfeld, and Lebenstanz in Düsseldorf. Appalachia (choral orchestral variations on an old slave song, also inspired by Florida) followed there in 1905. Sea Drift (a cantata with words taken from a poem by Walt Whitman) was premiered at Essen in 1906, and A Village Romeo and Juliet in Berlin in 1907.[2] Delius's reputation in Germany remained high until the First World War; in 1910 his rhapsody Brigg Fair was given by 36 different German orchestras.[3] [edit]Growing reputation Thomas Beecham in 1910 By 1907, thanks to performances of his works in many German cities, Delius was, as Thomas Beecham said, "floating safely on a wave of prosperity which increased as the year went on".[19] In that year, Cassirer conducted some concerts in London, at one of which, with Beecham's New Symphony Orchestra, he presented Appalachia. Beecham, who had hitherto known nothing of Delius's music, expressed his "wonderment" and became a lifelong devotee of the composer's works.[20] In the same year, Henry Wood premiered the revised version of Delius's Piano Concerto. In 1908, Beecham introduced Brigg Fair to London audiences,[21] and Fernández Arbós presented Lebenstanz.[22] In 1909, Beecham conducted the first complete performance of A Mass of Life, the largest and most ambitious of Delius's concert works, written for four soloists, a double choir, and a large orchestra.[2] Although the work was based on the same Nietzsche work as Richard Strauss's Also Sprach Zarathustra, Delius distanced himself from the Strauss work, which he considered a complete failure.[17] Nor was Strauss an admirer of Delius, as he was of Elgar; he told Delius that he did not wish to conduct Paris: "the symphonic development seems to me to be too scant, and it seems moreover to be an imitation of Charpentier".[23] In early years of the 20th century, Delius composed some of his most popular works, including Brigg Fair (1907), In a Summer Garden (1908, revised 1911), Summer Night on the River (1911), and On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring (1912), of which McVeagh comments, "These exquisite idylls, for all their composer's German descent and French domicile, spell 'England' for most listeners."[2] In 1910, Beecham put on an opera season at the Royal Opera House in London. Having access to the Beecham family's considerable fortune, he ignored commercial considerations and programmed several works of limited box-office appeal, including A Village Romeo and Juliet.[n 8] The reviews were polite, but The Times, having praised the orchestral aspects of the score, commented, "Mr. Delius seems to have remarkably little sense of dramatic writing for the voice".[25] Other reviewers agreed that the score contained passages of great beauty, but was ineffective as drama.[26] [edit]War and post-war During the First World War, Delius and Jelka moved from Grez to avoid the hostilities. They took up temporary residence in the south of England, where Delius continued to compose. In 1915, The Musical Times published a profile of him by his admirer, the composer Philip Heseltine (known as "Peter Warlock"), who commented: [H]e holds no official position in the musical life of the country [i.e. Britain]; he does not teach in any of the academies, he is not even an honorary professor or doctor of music. He never gives concerts or makes propaganda for his music; he never conducts an orchestra, or plays an instrument in public (even Berlioz played the tambourine!)[8] Heseltine depicted Delius as a composer uncompromisingly focused on his own music. "There can be no superficial view of Delius's music: either one feels it in the very depths of one's being, or not at all. This may be a part of the reason why one so seldom hears a really first-rate performance of Delius's work, save under Mr. Beecham".[8] James Elroy Flecker (1884–1915). Delius provided incidental music to Flecker's Hassan, premiered in 1923 One of Delius's major war-time works was his Requiem, dedicated "to the memory of all young artists fallen in the war". As in the Mass of Life, he took his text from Nietzsche. The work owes nothing to the traditional Christian liturgy, eschewing notions of an afterlife and celebrating instead a pantheistic renewal of Nature. When Albert Coates presented the work in London in 1922, its atheism offended some believers.[n 9] In Germany, the regular presentation of Delius's works ceased at the outbreak of the war, and never resumed.[27] Nevertheless, his standing with some continental musicians was unaffected; Beecham records that Bartók and Kodály were admirers of Delius, and the former grew into the habit of sending his compositions to Delius for comment and tried to interest him in both Hungarian and Rumanian popular music.[28] By the end of the war, Delius and Jelka had returned to Grez. He had begun to show symptoms of syphilis that he had probably contracted in the 1880s. He took treatment at clinics across Europe, but by 1922 he was walking with two sticks, and by 1928 he was paralysed and blind. There was no return to the prosperity of pre-war years: Delius's medical treatment was an additional expense, his blindness prevented him from composing, and his royalties were curtailed by the lack of continental performances of his music. Beecham gave discreet financial help, and the composer and musical benefactor Henry Balfour Gardiner bought the house at Grez and allowed Delius and Jelka to live there rent-free.[2] Beecham was temporarily absent from the concert hall and opera house between 1920 and 1923, but Coates gave the first performance of The Song of the High Hills in 1920, and Henry Wood and Hamilton Harty programmed Delius's music with the Queen's Hall and Hallé Orchestras.[3] Wood gave the British première of the Double Concerto for violin and cello in 1920, and of A Song Before Sunrise and the Dance Rhapsody No. 2 in 1923.[29] Delius had a financial and artistic success with his incidental music for James Elroy Flecker's play Hassan (1923) with 281 performances at His Majesty's Theatre.[7] With Beecham's return the composer became, in Hadley's words, "what his most fervent admirers had never envisaged—a genuine popular success." Hadley cites, in particular, the six-day Delius festival at the Queen's Hall in 1929 under Beecham in the presence of the composer in his bath-chair. "[T]he cream of his orchestral output with and without soli and chorus was included," and the hall was filled.[3] The festival included chamber music and songs, an excerpt from A Village Romeo and Juliet, the Piano and Violin Concertos, and premières of Cynara and A Late Lark, concluding with A Mass of Life.[7] The Manchester Guardian's music critic, Neville Cardus, met Delius during the festival. He describes the wreck of the composer's physique, yet "there was nothing pitiable about him ... his face was strong and disdainful, every line graven on it by intrepid living". Delius, Cardus says, spoke with a noticeable Yorkshire accent as he dismissed most English music as paper music that should never be heard, written by people "afraid of their feelin's".[30] [edit]Last years A young English admirer, Eric Fenby, learning that Delius was trying to compose by dictating to Jelka, volunteered his services as unpaid amanuensis. For five years, from 1928, he worked with Delius, taking down his new compositions from dictation, and helping him revise earlier works. Together they produced Cynara (a setting of words by Ernest Dowson), A Late Lark (a setting of W. E. Henley), A Song of Summer, a third violin sonata, the Irmelin prelude, and Idyll (1932), which reused music from Delius's short opera Margot la rouge, composed thirty years earlier. McVeagh rates their greatest joint production as The Songs of Farewell, settings of Walt Whitman poems for chorus and orchestra, which were dedicated to Jelka.[2] Other works produced in this period include a Caprice and Elegy for cello and orchestra written for the distinguished British cellist Beatrice Harrison, and a short orchestral piece, Fantastic Dance, which Delius dedicated to Fenby.[31] The violin sonata incorporates the first, incomprehensible, melody that Delius had attempted to dictate to Fenby before their modus operandi had been worked out. Fenby's initial failure to pick up the tune led Delius to the view that "[the] boy is no good ... he cannot even take down a simple melody".[32][n 10] Fenby later wrote a book about his experiences of working with Delius. Among other details, Fenby reveals Delius's love of cricket. The pair followed the 1930 Test series between England and Australia with great interest, and regaled a bemused Jelka with accounts of their boyhood exploits in the game.[33] In 1933, the year before both composers died, Sir Edward Elgar, who had flown to Paris to conduct a performance of his Violin Concerto, visited Delius at Grez. Delius was not on the whole an admirer of Elgar's music,[n 11] but the two men took to each other, and there followed a warm correspondence until Elgar's death in February 1934.[7] Elgar described Delius as "a poet and a visionary".[34] Delius died at Grez on 10 June 1934, aged 72. He had wished to be buried in his own garden, but the French authorities forbade it. His alternative wish was to be buried "in some country churchyard in the south of England, where people could place wild flowers".[7] At the time of his death, Jelka was too ill to make the journey across the Channel, and Delius’s body was temporarily interred in the cemetery at Grez. It was taken to England in May 1935 and buried at St Peter's Church, Limpsfield, Surrey, on 26 May. The ceremony took place at midnight; the headline in the Sunday Dispatch was "Sixty People Under Flickering Lamps In A Surrey Churchyard".[35] In spite of Delius's atheism, the vicar offered a prayer: "May the souls of the departed through the mercy of God rest in peace."[36] Jelka died a few days later, and was buried beside Delius.[2] [edit]Music For a complete listing of Delius's works, see List of compositions by Frederick Delius. [edit]Influences The Fisk Jubilee Singers, portrayed during a European tour in the 1870s After the 1929 London festival The Times music critic wrote that Delius "belongs to no school, follows no tradition and is like no other composer in the form, content or style of his music".[37] This "extremely individual and personal idiom"[38] was, however, the product of a long musical apprenticeship, during which the composer absorbed many influences. The earliest significant experiences in his artistic development came, Delius later asserted, from the sounds of the plantation songs carried down the river to him at Solano Grove. It was this singing, he told Fenby, that first gave him the urge to express himself in music;[39] thus, writes Fenby, many of Delius's early works are "redolent of Negro hymnology and folk-song", a sound "not heard before in the orchestra, and seldom since".[40] Delius's familiarity with "black" music possibly predates his American adventures; during the 1870s a popular singing group, the Fisk Jubilee Singers from Nashville, Tennessee, toured Britain and Europe, giving several well-received concerts in Bradford. When Delius wrote to Elgar in 1933 of the "beautiful four-part harmonies" of the black plantation workers, he may have been unconsciously alluding to the spirituals sung by the Fisk group.[41] At Leipzig, Delius became a fervent disciple of Wagner, whose technique of continuous music he sought to master. An ability to construct long musical paragraphs is, according to the Delius scholar Christopher Palmer, Delius's lasting debt to Wagner, from whom he also acquired a knowledge of chromatic harmonic teachnique, "an endlessly proliferating sensuousness of sound".[42] Grieg, however, was perhaps the composer who influenced him more than any other. The Norwegian composer, like Delius, found his primary inspiration in nature and in folk-melodies, and was the stimulus for the Norwegian flavour that characterises much of Delius's early music.[43] The music writer Anthony Payne observes that Grieg's "airy texture and non-developing use of chromaticism showed [Delius] how to lighten the Wagnerian load".[7] Early in his career Delius drew inspiration from Chopin, later from his own contemporaries Ravel and Richard Strauss,[44] and from the much younger Percy Grainger, who first brought the tune of Brigg Fair to Delius's notice.[45] According to Palmer, it is arguable that Delius gained his sense of direction as a composer from his French contemporary Claude Debussy.[46] Palmer identifies aesthetic similarities between the two, and points to several parallel characteristics and enthusiasms. Both were inspired early in their careers by Grieg, both admired Chopin; they are also linked in their musical depictions of the sea, and in their uses of the wordless voice. The opening of Brigg Fair is described by Palmer as "perhaps the most Debussian moment in Delius".[47] Debussy, in a review of Delius's Two Danish Songs for soprano and orchestra given in a concert on 16 March 1901, wrote: "They are very sweet, very pale - music to soothe convalescents in well-to-do neighbourhoods".[48] Delius admired the French composer's orchestration, but thought his works lacking in melody[47]—the latter a comment frequently directed against Delius's own music.[49][50] Fenby, however, draws attention to Delius's "flights of melodic poetic-prose",[51] while conceding that the composer was contemptuous of public taste, of "giving the public what they wanted" in the form of pretty tunes.[52] [edit]Stylistic development From the conventional forms of his early music, over the course of his creative career Delius developed a style easily recognisable and "unlike the work of any other", according to Payne.[7] As he gradually found his voice, Delius replaced the methods developed during his creative infancy with a more mature style in which Payne discerns "an increasing richness of chord structure, bearing with it its own subtle means of contrast and development".[49] Hubert Foss, the Oxford University Press's musical editor during the 1920s and 1930s, writes that rather than creating his music from the known possibilities of instruments, Delius "thought the sounds first" and then sought the means for producing these particular sounds.[53] Delius's full stylistic maturity dates from around 1907, when he began to write the series of works on which his main reputation rests.[49] In the more mature works Foss observes Delius's increasing rejection of conventional forms such as sonata or concerto; Delius's music, he comments, is "certainly not architectural; nearer to painting, especially to the pointilliste style of design".[53] The painting analogy is echoed by Cardus.[50] [edit]Towards recognition Delius's first orchestral compositions were, in Palmer's words, the work of "an insipid if charming water-colourist".[54] The Florida Suite (1887, revised 1889) is "an expertly crafted synthesis of Grieg and Negroid Americana",[55] while Delius's first opera Irmelin (1890–92) lacks any identifiably Delian passages. Its harmony and modulation are conventional, and the work bears the clear fingerprints of Wagner and Grieg. Payne asserts that none of the works prior to 1895 are of lasting interest. The first noticeable stylistic advance is evident in Koanga (1895–97), with richer chords and faster harmonic rhythms; here we find Delius "feeling his way towards the vein that he was soon to tap so surely".[49] In Paris (1899), the orchestration owes a debt to Richard Strauss; its passages of quiet beauty, says Payne, nevertheless lack the deep personal involvement of the later works. Paris, the final work of Delius's apprentice years, is described by Foss as "one of the most complete, if not the greatest, of Delius's musical paintings".[53] Woodcut illustration (1919) of the young lovers from Gottfried Keller's original story, which became Delius's opera A Village Romeo and Juliet In each of the major works written in the years after Paris, Delius combined orchestral and vocal forces. The first of these works was A Village Romeo and Juliet, a music drama which departs from the normal operatic structure of acts and scenes and tells its story of tragic love in a series of tableaux. Musically it shows a considerable advance in style from the early operas of the apprentice years. The entr'acte known as "The Walk to the Paradise Garden" is described by Heseltine as showing "all the tragic beauty of mortality ... concentrated and poured forth in music of overwhelming, almost intolerable poignancy".[8] In this work Delius begins to achieve the texture of sound that would characterise all his later compositions.[49] Delius's music is often assumed to lack melody and form. Cardus argues that melody, while not a primary factor, is there abundantly, "floating and weaving itself into the texture of shifting harmony" – a characteristic which Cardus believes is shared only by Debussy.[50] Delius's next work, Appalachia, introduces a further feature that would recur in later pieces—the use of the voice instrumentally in wordless singing, in this case depicting the distant plantation songs that had inspired Delius at Solano Grove.[49] Although Payne argues that Appalachia shows only a limited advance in technique, Fenby identifies one orchestral passage as the first expression of Delius's idea of "the transitoriness of all mortal things mirrored in nature". Hereafter, whole works rather than brief passages would be informed by this idea.[56] The transitional phase of the composer's career concludes with three further vocal pieces: Sea Drift (1903), A Mass of Life (1904–05), and Songs of Sunset (1906–07). Payne salutes each of these as masterpieces, in which the Delian style struggles to emerge in its full ripeness.[49] Fenby describes A Mass of Life as standing outside the general progression of Delius's work, "a vast parenthesis", unlike anything else he wrote, but nevertheless an essential ingredient in his development.[57] [edit]Full flowering Brigg Fair (1907) announced the composer's full stylistic maturity, the first of the pieces for small orchestra which confirm Delius's status as a musical poet, with the influences of Wagner and Grieg almost entirely absent.[49] The work was followed in the next few years by In a Summer Garden (1908), Life's Dance (1911), Summer Night on the River (1911) and On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring (1912). The critic R.W.S. Mendl described this sequence as "exquisite nature studies", with a unity and shape lacking in the earlier formal tone poems.[58] These works became part of the standard English concert repertory, and helped to establish the character of Delius's music in the English concert-goer's mind, although according to Ernest Newman, the concentration on these works to the neglect of his wider output may have done Delius as much harm as good.[59] The typical mature Delian orchestral sound is apparent in these works, through the division of the strings into ten or more sections, punctuated by woodwind comments and decorations.[49] In the North Country Sketches of 1913–14, Delius divides the strings into 12 parts, and harps, horns, clarinets and bassoons evoke a lifeless winter scene.[60] In Payne's view, the Sketches are the high water mark of Delius's compositional skill,[49] though Fenby awards the accolade to the later Eventyr (1917).[61] During this period Delius did not confine himself to purely orchestral works; he produced his final opera, Fennimore and Gerda (1908–10), like A Village Romeo and Juliet written in tableau form, but in his mature style. His choral works of the period, notably An Arabesque (1911) and A Song of the High Hills (1911) are among the most radical of Delius's writings in their juxtapositions of unrelated chords.[7] The latter work, entirely wordless, contains some of the most difficult choral music in existence, according to Heseltine.[8] After 1915, Delius turned his attention to traditional sonata, chamber and concerto forms, which he had largely left alone since his apprentice days. Of these pieces Payne highlights two: the Violin Concerto (1916), as an example of how, writing in unfamiliar genres, Delius remained stylistically true to himself; and the Cello Sonata of 1917 which, lacking the familiarity of an orchestral palate, becomes a melodic triumph.[49] Cardus's verdict, however, is that Delius's chamber and concerto works are largely failures.[50] After 1917, according to Payne, there was a general deterioration both in the quantity and quality of Delius's output as illness took hold, though Payne exempts the incidental music to Hassan (1920–23) from condemnation, believing that it contains some of Delius's best work.[7][49] [edit]Final phase The four-year association with Fenby from 1929 produced two major works, and several smaller pieces often drawn from unpublished music from Delius's early career. The first of the major works was the orchestral A Song of Summer, based on sketches that Delius had previously collected under the title of A Poem of Life and Love.[62] In dictating the new beginning of this work, Delius asked Fenby to "imagine that we are sitting on the cliffs in the heather, looking out over the sea".[63] This does not, says Fenby, indicate that the dictation process was calm and leisurely; the mood was usually frenzied and nerve-wracking.[64] The other major work, a setting of Walt Whitman poems with the title Songs of Farewell, was an even more alarming prospect to Fenby: "the complexity of thinking in so many strands, often all at once; the problems of orchestral and vocal balance; the wider area of possible misunderstandings..." combined to leave Delius and his helper exhausted after each session of work—yet both these works were ready for performance in 1932.[31] Of the music in this final choral work, Beecham wrote of its "hard, masculine vigour, reminiscent in mood and fibre of some of the great choral passages in The Mass of Life".[65] Payne describes the work as "bracing and exultant, with in places an almost Holstian clarity".[49] [edit]Reception Recognition came late to Delius; before 1899, when he was already 37, his works were largely unpublished and unknown to the public. When the symphonic poem Paa Vidderne was performed at Monte Carlo on 25 February 1894 in a programme of works from British composers, the Musical Times listed the composers as "...Balfe, Mackenzie, Oakeley, Sullivan ... and one Delius, whoever he may be".[66] The work was well received in Monte Carlo, and brought the composer a congratulatory letter from Princess Alice of Monaco, but this did not lead to demands for further performances of this or other Delius works.[67] Some of his individual songs (he wrote more than 60) were occasionally included in vocal recitals; referring to "the strange songs of Fritz Delius", The Times critic expressed regret "that the powers the composer undoubtedly possesses should not be turned to better account or undergo proper development at the hands of some musician competent to train them".[68] St James's Hall, London, the venue for Delius's first London concert, May 1899 Of the May 1899 concert at St. James's Hall, London, The Musical Times reviewer remarked on the rawness of some of the music, but praised the "boldness of conception and virile strength that command and hold attention."[69] Beecham, however, records that despite this "fair show of acclaim", for all the impetus it gave to future performances of Delius's work the event might never have happened; none of the music was heard again in England for many years.[70] Delius was much better received in Germany, where a series of successful performances of his works led to what Beecham describes as a Delius vogue there, "second only to that of Richard Strauss".[71] In England, a performance of the Piano Concerto on 22 October 1907 at the Queen's Hall was praised for the brilliance of the soloist, Theodor Szánto, and for the power of the music itself.[72] From that point onwards the music of Delius became increasingly familiar to both British and European audiences, as performances of his works proliferated. Beecham's presentation of A Mass of Life at the Queen's Hall in June 1909 did not inspire Hans Haym, who had come from Elberfeld for the concert,[17] though Beecham says that many professional and amateur musicians thought it "the most impressive and original achievement of its genre written in the last fifty years"[19] Some reviewers, nevertheless, doubted the popular appeal of Delius's music, while others were more specifically hostile.[n 12] From 1910, Delius's works began to be heard in America: Brigg Fair and In a Summer Garden were performed in 1910–11 by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra under Walter Damrosch. In November 1915 Grainger gave the first American performance of the Piano Concerto, again with the New York Philharmonic. The New York Times critic described the work as uneven; richly harmonious, but combining colour and beauty with effects "of an almost crass unskillfulness and ugliness".[75] For the rest of his lifetime Delius's more popular pieces were performed in England and abroad, often under the sponsorship of Beecham, who was primarily responsible for the Delius festival in October–November 1929. In a retrospective comment on the festival The Times critic wrote of full houses and an apparent enthusiasm for "music which hitherto has enjoyed no exceptional vogue", but wondered whether this new acceptance was based on a solid foundation.[37] After Delius's death Beecham continued to promote his works; a second festival was held in 1946, and a third (after Beecham's death) at Bradford in 1962, to celebrate the centenary of Delius's birth. These occasions were in the face of a general indifference to the music;[76] writing in the centenary year, the musicologist Deryck Cooke opined that at that time, "to declare oneself a confirmed Delian is hardly less self-defamatory than to admit to being an addict of cocaine and marihuana".[77] Beecham had died in 1961, and Fenby writes that it "seemed to many then that nothing could save Delius's music from extinction", such was the conductor's unique mastery over the music.[11] However, other conductors have continued to advocate Delius, and since the centenary year, the Delius Society has pursued the aim of "develop[ing] a greater knowledge of the life and works of Delius".[78] The music has never become fashionable, however, a fact often acknowledged by promoters and critics.[n 13] To suggestions that Delius's music is an "acquired taste", Fenby answers: "The music of Delius is not an acquired taste. One either likes it the moment one first hears it, or the sound of it is once and for ever distasteful to one. It is an art which will never enjoy an appeal to the many, but one which will always be loved, and dearly loved, by the few."[81] Writing in 2004 on the 70th anniversary of Delius's death, Guardian journalist Martin Kettle recalls Cardus arguing in 1934 that Delius as a composer was unique, both in his technique and in his emotionalism. Although he eschewed classical formalism it was wrong, Cardus believed, to regard Delius merely as "a tone-painter, an impressionist or a maker of programme music". His music's abiding feature is, Cardus wrote, that it "recollects emotion in tranquillity ... Delius is always reminding us that beauty is born by contemplation after the event".[82] [edit]Memorials and legacy "A Quatrefoil for Delius" by Amber Hiscott. This sculpture in Delius's honour was erected in Exchange Square, Bradford, and unveiled on 23 November 1993. Just before his death, Delius prepared a codicil to his will whereby the royalties on future performances of his music would be used to support an annual concert of works by young composers. Delius died before this provision could be legally effected; according to Fenby, Beecham then persuaded Jelka in her own will to abandon the concerts idea and apply the royalties towards the editing and recording of Delius's main works.[83] After Jelka's death in 1935 the Delius Trust was established, to supervise this task. As stipulated in Jelka's will, the Trust operated largely under Beecham's direction. After Beecham's death in 1961 advisers were appointed to assist the trustees, and in 1979 its administration was taken over by the Musicians' Benevolent Fund. Over the years the Trust's objectives have been extended so that it can promote the music of other composers who were Delius's contemporaries.[84] The Trust is a co-sponsor of the 2010 Royal Philharmonic Society Composition Prize for young composers.[85] In 1962, enthusiasts for Delius's music who had gone to Bradford for the centenary festival formed the Delius Society; Fenby became its first president.[11] With around 400 members, the Society is independent from the Trust, but works closely with it. Its general objectives are the furtherance of knowledge of Delius's life and works, and the encouragement of performances and recordings.[78] In 2004, as a stimulus for young musicians to study and perform Delius's music, the Society established an annual Delius Prize competition, with a prize of £1,000 to the winner.[86] In June 1984, at the Grand Theatre, Leeds, the Delius Trust sponsored a commemorative production of A Village Romeo and Juliet by Opera North, to mark the 50th anniversary of Delius's death.[87] Public interest in Delius's life was stimulated in the UK in 1968, with the showing of the Ken Russell film Song of Summer on BBC Television. The film depicted the years of the Delius–Fenby collaboration; Fenby co-scripted with Russell. Max Adrian played Delius, with Christopher Gable as Fenby and Maureen Pryor as Jelka.[88][89] In America, a small memorial to Delius stands in Solano Grove.[90] The Delius Association of Florida has for many years organised an annual festival at Jacksonville, to mark the composer's birthday. At Jacksonville University, the Music Faculty awards an annual Delius Composition Prize.[11] In February 2012 Delius was one of ten prominent Britons honoured by the Royal Mail in the "Britons of Distinction" stamps set.[91] Beecham stresses Delius's role as an innovator: "The best of Delius is undoubtedly to be found in those works where he disregarded classical traditions and created his own forms".[92] Fenby echoes this: "the people who really count are those who discover new ways of making our lives more beautiful. Frederick Delius was such a man".[88] Palmer writes that Delius's true legacy is the ability of his music to inspire the creative urge in its listeners and to enhance their awareness of the wonders of life. Palmer concludes by invoking George Eliot's poem The Choir Invisible: "Frederick Delius ... belongs to the company of those true artists for whose life and work the world is a better place to live in, and of whom surely is composed, in a literal sense, 'the choir invisible/Whose music is the gladness of the world'".[93] [edit]Recordings The first recordings of Delius's works, in 1927, were conducted by Beecham for the Columbia label: the "Walk to the Paradise Garden" interlude from A Village Romeo and Juliet, and On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring, performed by the orchestra of the Royal Philharmonic Society. These began a long series of Delius recordings under Beecham that continued for the rest of the conductor's life.[94] He was not alone, however; Geoffrey Toye in 1929–30 recorded Brigg Fair, In a Summer Garden, Summer Night on the River and the "Walk to the Paradise Garden". Fenby recounts that on his first day in Grez, Jelka played Beecham's First Cuckoo recording.[95] In May 1934, when Delius was close to death, Fenby played him Toye's In a Summer Garden, the last music, Fenby says, that Delius ever heard.[96] By the end of the 1930s Beecham had issued versions for Columbia of most of the main orchestral and choral works, together with several songs in which he accompanied the soprano Dora Labbette on the piano.[94] By 1936 Columbia and HMV had issued recordings of Violin Sonatas 1 and 2, the Elegy and Caprice, and of some of the shorter works.[97] Full recordings of the operas were not available until after the Second World War. Once again Beecham, now with the HMV label, led the way, with A Village Romeo and Juliet in 1948, performed by the new Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus.[94] Later versions of this work include those of Meredith Davies for EMI in 1971,[98] Charles Mackerras for Argo in 1989,[99] and a German-language version conducted by Klauspeter Seibel in 1995.[100] Beecham's former protégé Norman Del Mar recorded a complete Irmelin for BBC Digital in 1985.[101] In 1997 EMI reissued Meredith Davies's 1976 recording of Fennimore and Gerda,[102] which Richard Hickox conducted in German the same year for Chandos.[103] Recordings of all the major works, and of many of the individual songs, have been issued at regular intervals since the Second World War. Many of these recordings have been issued in conjunction with The Delius Society, which has prepared various discographies of Delius's recorded music.[n 14] The complete songs were recorded for the first time by Mark Stone and Stephen Barlow for Stone Records in 2011. "


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